|
The patriot movement is a collection of various conservative, independent, largely rural, small government,〔 social movements in the United States that include organized militia members, tax protesters, sovereign or state citizens, quasi-Christian apocalypticists, and combinations thereof.〔 Adherents describe the movement as centered on a belief that individual liberties are in jeopardy due to unconstitutional actions taken by elected government officials, appointed bureaucrats, and some special interest groups outside of government, to illegally accumulate power.〔(John Wallace, American Patriot Movement )〕 Journalists and researchers have associated the patriot movement with the right-wing militia movement〔(The age of anxiety: conspiracy theory and the human sciences By Jane Parish )〕 and some in the movement with illegal acts of violence.〔( Right-wing Counterculture Uses Waco as Rallying Cry )| Herald-Journal 24 April 1995〕〔(Salon.com Books | America's homegrown terrorists )〕 Major events in America which alarm or inspire the Patriot Movement include the 1992 Ruby Ridge siege, the 1993 Waco siege and the 1996 Summer Olympics. After declining from 1996 to 2008, the number of patriot groups has increased dramatically following the election of Barack Obama to the presidency.〔(Report: 'Explosive' Growth Of 'Patriot Movement' And Militias Continues ) by Mark Memmott npr.org 13 March 2012〕 Other factors leading to the increase in groups include the rise of social media, the rise of globalism, the Great Recession and its aftermath, and, to the small White Supremacist branch of the patriot movement, increasing ethnic diversity in the United States.〔http://www.publiceye.org/right_wing_populism/patriot/index.html〕 The movement's iconography centers on themes relating to the American Revolution, such as the colonial Minuteman, the 13-star Betsy Ross flag, Uncle Sam, and the painting titled "The Spirit of '76". ==History== Some date the movement back to the 1950s. The reformist wing of the patriot movement is considered to have begun in 1958 with the formation of the John Birch Society and opposition to communism, the United Nations and the civil rights movement. An insurgent wing has been traced in origins to the Liberty Lobby active in the 1950s with promotion of themes of White supremacy and antisemitism. In the early 1990s, the patriot movement saw a surge of growth spurred by the confrontations at Ruby Ridge and Waco.〔〔 The 1995 Oklahoma City bombing was carried out by two patriot movement members, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols.〔〔Michel, Lou. "American Terrorist", 2001.〕 During the 1990s the movement organized using "gun shows and the Internet".〔 The movement was highly active in the mid-1990s, and at a peak in 1996 contained around 800 separate groups.〔 It saw decline in the late 1990s〔〔 In 2009, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) expressed concern about a resurgent patriot movement,〔(Militia movement on the rise - 22 August 2009 - MiamiHerald.com )〕〔(Report: militia activity on the rise in US / The Christian Science Monitor - CSMonitor.com )〕 and the United States Department of Homeland Security issued a report warning of heightened "Rightwing Extremism".〔http://www.wnd.com/images/dhs-rightwing-extremism.pdf〕 The SPLC attributed this growth to "an angry backlash against non-white immigration and ... the economic meltdown and the climb to power of an African American president." It reported that the number of patriot groups grew from 149 in 2008, to 824 in 2010, to 1,274 in 2011〔(Right-wing 'patriot' groups girding for actual class warfare, report says ) By Patrik Jonsson| csmonitor.com| 8 March 2012〕 and 1,360 in 2012. According to the SPLC, "That explosive growth seems to have been driven by the election of our first black president and the approaching loss of a white majority in the U.S. that he represents. Another driver is the crash of the economy, which coincided neatly with the rise to national power of President Obama."〔 The SPLC found that while "there are many people" in the patriot movement "that aren't engaged in illegal activity,” the "normalizing of conspiracy theories"—such as the belief that the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is building concentration camps; rumors of covert plans by Mexico to repatriate parts of the Southwest; and concerns about Muslim Sharia law becoming part of the US court system—has played into the growth of the groups.〔 An extremist member of the patriot movement carried out the 2009 anti-abortion murder of George Tiller,〔(Seeking Clues on Suspect in Shooting of Doctor - NYT.com )〕 and some extremists within the movement also have expressed support for Joseph Stack's 2010 plane crash into an Internal Revenue Service office.〔(Patriot Movement Calling Joe Stack a Hero - ABC News )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「patriot movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|